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Zeno of Elea (; (ギリシア語:Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης); c. 490 – c. 430 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic.〔Diogenes Laërtius, 8.57, 9.25〕 He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell has described as "immeasurably subtle and profound".〔Russell (1996 ()), p. 347: "In this capricious world nothing is more capricious than posthumous fame. One of the most notable victims of posterity's lack of judgement is the Eleatic Zeno. Having invented four arguments all immeasurably subtle and profound, the grossness of subsequent philosophers pronounced him to be a mere ingenious juggler, and his arguments to be one and all sophisms. After two thousand years of continual refutation, these sophisms were reinstated, and made the foundation of a mathematical renaissance..."〕 == Life == Little is known for certain about Zeno's life. Although written nearly a century after Zeno's death, the primary source of biographical information about Zeno is Plato's ''Parmenides''〔Plato (c. 380 – 367 BC). (''Parmenides'' ), translated by Benjamin Jowett. Internet Classics Archive.〕 and he is also mentioned in Aristotle's ''Physics''.〔Aristotle (c. mid 4th century BC), ''Physics'' 233a and 239b〕 In the dialogue of ''Parmenides'', Plato describes a visit to Athens by Zeno and Parmenides, at a time when Parmenides is "about 65," Zeno is "nearly 40" and Socrates is "a very young man".〔Plato, ''Parmenides'' 127b–e〕 Assuming an age for Socrates of around 20, and taking the date of Socrates' birth as 469 BC gives an approximate date of birth for Zeno of 490 BC. Plato says that Zeno was "tall and fair to look upon" and was "in the days of his youth … reported to have been beloved by Parmenides."〔 Other perhaps less reliable details of Zeno's life are given by Diogenes Laërtius in his ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'',〔Diogenes Laërtius. ''The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'', translated by C.D. Yonge. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853. (Scanned and edited for Peithô's Web. )〕 where it is reported that he was the son of Teleutagoras, but the adopted son of Parmenides, was "skilled to argue both sides of any question, the universal critic," and that he was arrested and perhaps killed at the hands of a tyrant of Elea. According to Diogenes Laertius, Zeno conspired to overthrow Nearchus the tyrant.〔Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers''. Book IX.5.26〕 Eventually, Zeno was arrested and tortured.〔Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy. Book 1.III〕 According to Valerius Maximus, when he was tortured to reveal the name of his colleagues in conspiracy Zeno refused to reveal their names, although he said he did have a secret that would be advantageous for Nearchus to hear. When Nearchus leaned in to listen to the secret, Zeno bit his ear. He "did not let go until he lost his life and the tyrant lost that part of his body."〔Valerius Maximus, ''Memorable Deeds and Sayings.'' Foreign Stories 3. ''ext.'' 3.〕〔https://books.google.ca/books?id=5imDC6VN-FcC&pg=PA97&dq=zeno+torture&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RncqVequI6fdsASW04HoDQ&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=zeno%20torture&f=false〕 Within ''Men of the Same Name'', Demetrius said it was the nose that was bit off instead.〔Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers''. Book IX.5.27〕 Zeno may have also interacted with other tyrants. According to Laertius, Heraclides Lembus, within his ''Satyrus'', said these events occurred against Diomedon instead Nearchus.〔 Valerius Maximus recounts a conspiracy against the tyrant Phalaris, but this would be impossible as Phalaris had died before Zeno was even born.〔〔Valerius Maximus, ''Memorable Deeds and Sayings.'' Foreign Stories 3. ''ext.'' 2.〕 According to Plutarch, Zeno attempted to kill the tyrant Demylus. After failing, he had, "with his own teeth bit off his tongue, he spit it in the tyrant’s face."〔Plutarch, ''Against Colotes''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zeno of Elea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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